medium · Enhanced ACT reading

Passage: Critics of the new transit plan have called it reckless, pointing to the city's history of half-finished projects and ballooning budgets. The plan's chief engineer does not dispute that record. Indeed, she opens nearly every public meeting by reciting it in detail, naming the abandoned light-rail line and the over-budget bridge that preceded her tenure. Only after this recital does she present her own proposal, which she insists differs precisely because it assumes such failures will recur and builds in safeguards against them. Skeptics leave her presentations uncertain whether they have heard a defense or a confession.

The engineer's strategy of opening her meetings by reciting the city's past failures functions primarily to:

  1. concede her critics' factual ground in order to position her plan as a response shaped by those very failures.
  2. demonstrate that the earlier transit failures were caused entirely by factors no engineer controls.
  3. persuade the audience that her new plan carries virtually no meaningful risk of repeating those same mistakes.
  4. shift blame for the city's troubled transit record entirely onto officials who served before her own tenure began.

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