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The 'founder effect' occurs when a small group of individuals breaks off from a larger population to establish a new colony. This new population often has significantly lower genetic diversity than the original population and may have a higher frequency of rare inherited traits. A study found that a remote mountain community had a 15% frequency of a rare genetic disorder, compared to 0.5% in the general population.

What does this finding suggest about the history of the mountain community?

  1. The community was likely established by a very small number of ancestors, at least one of whom carried the allele for the rare genetic disorder.
  2. Living at high altitudes causes spontaneous mutations in human DNA that lead to the development of rare genetic disorders in every generation.
  3. The general population has evolved to be completely immune to the disorder, while the mountain community has remained genetically identical to ancient humans.
  4. The rare disorder actually provides a significant survival advantage in mountain environments, which is why the frequency is so much higher there.

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