hard · CFA Level I pm

Elias Thorne, a 68-year-old retired executive, maintains a 15 million portfolio at Lumen Credit. His annual living expenses are450,000, and he has no debt. Thorne expresses a deep psychological aversion to any nominal loss of principal, yet his financial objective is to grow the portfolio to $25 million over the next 15 years to fund a family foundation. The risk-free rate is 3%. Based on the conflict between the client's psychological profile and his financial circumstances, the most appropriate risk tolerance to document in the Investment Policy Statement (IPS) is:

  1. High, based on the client's objective financial ability to take risk.
  2. Average, by reconciling the high ability with the low willingness.
  3. Low, based on the client's stated willingness to take risk.

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