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easy · Certified Financial Planner Psychology

When presenting the 'behavior gap' to the Okada family, the planner demonstrates that the 'investor return' was 7% while the 'fund return' was 9%. This 2% difference is primarily caused by:

  1. A failure of the manager to beat the benchmark
  2. The difference between arithmetic and geometric means
  3. Poorly timed client decisions to buy high or sell low
  4. High expense ratios and hidden trading commissions

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