medium · Debt Capital Markets bond-instruments-structures

When a bank issues 'Senior Non-Preferred' debt, what is the primary regulatory purpose for creating this specific layer in the capital stack?

  1. To offer investors higher security through a ring-fenced cover pool
  2. To provide a layer of debt that is 'bail-in-able' to satisfy TLAC or MREL requirements
  3. To reduce the bank's interest expense compared to Senior Preferred debt
  4. To count as 'Going-Concern' capital that can absorb losses without the bank failing

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