medium · FRM Part 1 Foundations of Risk Management

The Fama-French High-Minus-Low (HML) factor is constructed to capture the 'Value Premium.'

How is this factor numerically calculated each period?

  1. The total return of a broad market-cap-weighted equity index minus the prevailing short-term risk-free rate.
  2. The average dividend yield paid by value stocks minus the average yield paid by growth stocks.
  3. The average share price of large market-capitalization stocks minus the average price of low-market-cap stocks.
  4. The return of a portfolio of high book-to-market stocks minus the return of low book-to-market stocks.

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