medium · FRM Part 1 Quantitative Analysis

For a GARCH(1,1) model, if the volatility term structure is currently upward-sloping, what does this imply about the relationship between the daily return r_t-1 and the prior variance σ_t-1^2?

  1. The prior squared return was significantly higher than the recent long-run average variance.
  2. The omega parameter itself must be negative to offset a high beta.
  3. The persistence parameter, alpha plus beta, must be strictly greater than one.
  4. The current conditional variance is lower than the long-run equilibrium variance.

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