easy · FRM Part 2 Operational Risk

A regulator assesses a bank's 'Digital Concentration.' They find that 80% of the bank's Tier-1 models are provided by a single software vendor.

What is the most likely systemic concern?

  1. The models will become too operationally diverse and fragmented for a single board risk committee to govern.
  2. A single defect or vulnerability in the vendor's software could cause a synchronized failure across multiple risk functions.
  3. The bank is violating DORA requirements by relying on automated software instead of manual back-office control processes.
  4. The bank will end up holding too much excess regulatory capital headroom relative to its actual measured risk exposure profile.

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