medium · FRM Part 2 Risk & Investment Management

According to factor theory, why does an asset that pays off during 'bad times' (such as a flight-to-quality instrument) typically earn a negative risk premium?

  1. Because it suffers from high transaction costs and severe illiquidity.
  2. Because it acts as insurance, providing value when marginal utility is high.
  3. Because its returns are perfectly correlated with the broad market index.
  4. Because it exhibits unusually high idiosyncratic volatility relative to the market.

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