medium · FRM Part 2 Risk & Investment Management

In the context of the 'bias stack', why does 'stale marking' lead to an underestimation of drawdowns?

  1. Because the 'denominator effect' forces managers to write up appraised values during periods of crashing markets.
  2. Because appraisal values are anchored to previous marks and do not reflect the full magnitude of market troughs.
  3. Because most illiquid asset classes are assumed to carry essentially zero correlation with the broader global economy.
  4. Because drawdowns, by strict definition, can only occur in liquid, continuously market-traded financial instruments.

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