medium · FRM Part 2 Risk & Investment Management

A fund uses quadratic programming (QP) for portfolio construction. A risk audit finds that the model is 'error maximizing.'

What specific behavior of the QP optimizer is this referring to?

  1. The optimizer disregards transaction costs entirely, producing excessive turnover that steadily erodes alpha
  2. The model simply fails to converge once the number of assets exceeds available data points
  3. The optimizer loads aggressively on assets with overestimated alphas and underestimated correlations.
  4. The model relies on historical simulation instead of a parametric covariance matrix to estimate risk

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