medium · Frm Part 2 Risk & Investment Management

A fund uses quadratic programming (QP) for portfolio construction. A risk audit finds that the model is 'error maximizing.'

What specific behavior of the QP optimizer is this referring to?

  1. The optimizer ignores transaction costs, leading to high turnover and 'decay' of alpha.
  2. The model fails to converge when the number of assets exceeds the number of data points.
  3. The optimizer loads aggressively on assets with overestimated alphas and underestimated correlations.
  4. The model uses historical simulation instead of a parametric covariance structure.

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