The rise of intelligence testing in the early twentieth century was driven by the desire to bring scientific objectivity to the management of human potential. Developed by Alfred Binet in France and later expanded by psychologists like Lewis Terman in the United States, the IQ test was intended to identify children who needed extra educational support. However, when the tests were adopted by the U.S. military during World War I to sort millions of recruits, they were used to justify racial and ethnic hierarchies. The data showed that recent immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe scored significantly lower than those from Northern Europe. Proponents of the tests argued that these scores reflected innate, hereditary differences in intelligence. Critics, however, pointed out that the questions were heavily loaded with cultural and linguistic biases. For example, a recruit who did not speak English or was unfamiliar with American consumer culture could not be expected to solve a logic puzzle based on those references. This history shows that scientific tools are never neutral; they carry the assumptions of the cultures that create them. The 'objective' results of early IQ testing were often just a quantification of the social and educational advantages of the dominant group.