hard · Market Microstructure

A portfolio manager needs to sell 1,000,000 shares of a Tier 1 stock with an Average Daily Volume (ADV) of 8,000,000 shares and σ_daily = 2.5%.

If the trader is highly risk-averse and employs a risk-adjusted optimization model with a high risk-aversion parameter (λ_risk), what is the primary characteristic of the resulting optimal execution trajectory?

  1. The trajectory will significantly front-load the execution, trading more aggressively in the early periods of the day.
  2. The execution will be spread linearly over the entire trading horizon to maintain a constant participation rate.
  3. The algorithm will back-load the order to take advantage of the higher volume typically found during the closing auction.
  4. The trajectory will be strictly determined by the historical U-shaped volume profile regardless of the risk-aversion setting.

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