hard · Market Microstructure

An exchange releases a quote update simultaneously to 1,000 co-located HFT subscribers. All 1,000 firms send orders targeting the stale quote within 10 microseconds. The available liquidity at the stale price is 500 shares total.

Under strict price-time priority, what determines how many firms fill and what share of those 500 shares each receives, and what does this imply for the economics of the latency race?

  1. All 1,000 firms fill proportionally (0.5 shares each) because the exchange pro-rates fills when orders arrive simultaneously.
  2. Only the firm(s) whose orders arrive first at the matching engine fill; they receive up to 500 shares in arrival order. Firms arriving later find the liquidity exhausted. This implies that the marginal value of sub-microsecond latency improvements is very high — winning the race by even 1 microsecond means the difference between filling and not filling.
  3. The 500 shares are allocated to the 10 fastest firms (50 shares each) by the exchange's co-location SLA, regardless of exact arrival time.
  4. All 1,000 firms fill 0.5 shares each because Reg NMS requires equal access among co-located subscribers.

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