medium · Market Microstructure

Which of the following best describes the 'Grossman-Stiglitz Paradox' regarding market efficiency?

  1. Informed traders always lose money to dealers over time simply because of the bid-ask spread charged on each trade.
  2. High trading volume leads to lower volatility in all market structures, regardless of who is doing the actual trading or why.
  3. Public information is always reflected in prices faster than private information, since public data costs nothing to obtain or verify.
  4. If markets were perfectly efficient, no one would have an incentive to gather the information needed to make them efficient.

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