easy · Market Microstructure market-impact

According to the IS framework, what is the 'Paper Portfolio Return'?

  1. The total value of all resting limit orders currently visible on both the bid and ask sides of the exchange's order book.
  2. The percentage return of the broad S&P 500 market index measured over the duration of the trade.
  3. A simulated portfolio traders use to backtest high-frequency alpha signals before deploying real capital.
  4. The return that would have been achieved if the entire order was filled at the decision price with zero cost.

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