medium · Quantitative Finance derivatives

How does an increase in the 'Volatility of Volatility' parameter ξ in the Heston model affect the shape of the implied volatility smile?

  1. It only impacts long-dated options, leaving short-dated volatility levels unaffected.
  2. It causes the smile to shift vertically upward uniformly, without altering its curvature.
  3. It increases the curvature (kurtosis) of the smile, making it more 'smile-like' or 'U-shaped'.
  4. It causes the smile to become perfectly flat as the distribution approaches a normal Gaussian shape.

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