hard · Quantitative Finance

An analyst estimates the 1-day 99% Expected Shortfall (ES) for a portfolio with normal losses having mean μ_L and standard deviation σ_L.

Compared to the 99% Value-at-Risk (VaR), which of the following is true?

  1. ES is smaller than VaR because it is a conditional expectation which 'smooths' the extreme outliers.
  2. ES is equal to VaR for the normal distribution because the distribution is symmetric.
  3. ES cannot be compared to VaR because ES is not a subadditive measure.
  4. ES is always greater than VaR because it averages all losses in the tail beyond the VaR threshold.

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