hard · Quantitative Finance

An analyst estimates the hedge ratio using OLS but finds that the residuals are heteroskedastic.

How does this affect the Dickey-Fuller test for cointegration?

  1. It has no effect because the Dickey-Fuller test only looks at the sign of the changes.
  2. It can lead to incorrect p-values and false conclusions about stationarity if not corrected.
  3. It automatically proves the series are cointegrated.
  4. It implies the hedge ratio β is biased and inconsistent.

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