hard · Quantitative Finance

In the context of the HJM framework, what is the primary lesson regarding the drift of the forward rate curve?

  1. The drift can be freely set independently of volatility to match investor expectations.
  2. The drift is always identically zero under the risk-neutral pricing measure by assumption.
  3. The drift only depends on the model's long-run mean reversion level parameter.
  4. The drift is entirely determined by the volatility structure to ensure no-arbitrage.

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