easy · Quantitative Finance qf-core

What is the primary limitation of Value at Risk (VaR) that is addressed by the use of Expected Shortfall (ES)?

  1. VaR is hard to compute exactly for non-normal return distributions.
  2. VaR completely fails to account for the portfolio's average expected return.
  3. VaR does not satisfy the subadditivity property of a coherent risk measure.
  4. VaR simply cannot be applied to any portfolio that contains options or other derivatives.

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