hard · Quantitative Finance stochastic

In the Heath-Jarrow-Morton (HJM) framework for modeling the term structure of interest rates, what is the significance of the 'HJM drift condition'?

  1. The yield curve implied by the model must always be upward sloping over time.
  2. The volatility structure of forward rates completely determines their risk-neutral drift.
  3. Forward rates within the framework must always follow a strictly mean-reverting process.
  4. Interest rates are structurally prohibited from ever becoming negative under this framework.

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