medium · SAT Reading & Writing

The following text is adapted from a naturalist's account of the Amazon rainforest. The forest floor is not a place of silence, but a place of constant, quiet decomposition. To a casual observer, the leaf litter might seem like a static carpet, but it is actually a bustling site of chemical transformation. Fungi and bacteria work tirelessly to break down organic matter, returning vital nutrients to the soil so they can be ______ by the towering trees above. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

  1. discarded
  2. reclaimed
  3. manufactured
  4. retained

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