hard · Volume Profile Analysis

According to the Glosten-Milgrom model, why do market makers maintain a bid-ask spread even when they are risk-neutral and operate in a competitive environment with zero expected profit?

  1. To match the 'ATR' volatility and prevent being stopped out of their own positions.
  2. To cover the expected losses incurred from trading against informed participants (adverse selection).
  3. To ensure they capture the 'rebate' from the exchange on every trade.
  4. To discourage high-frequency algorithms from 'front-running' their limit orders.

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