The pacing frame that replaces the per-item average: partition each module into Class A (automatic, 15–40 s, ~40%), Class B (workmanlike, 60–100 s, ~45%), and Class C (contested, 120+ s, ~15%). Class A items subsidize Class C items — finishing eleven RW Class A items in 30 s instead of 71 generates over seven minutes of surplus, which is what funds the contested items.