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medium · Enhanced ACT English

In her monograph on estuary ecology, Dr. Okafor challenges the field's older models. She contends that these frameworks, which treat salt marshes as simple buffers between land and sea, are totally bogus and overdue for replacement.

In the underlined phrase 'totally bogus,' which choice best maintains the formal, academic tone of the passage?

  1. NO CHANGE
  2. Kind of a stretch
  3. Fundamentally flawed
  4. Pretty much useless

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