medium · CFA Level I equity

Pinion Logistics is a third-party provider of regional freight services. The industry is highly fragmented, with over 500 small operators. Pinion relies on a proprietary software platform that optimizes route density as more shippers join the network. Fuel is the largest variable cost. The company uses IFRS and capitalizes its fleet of trucks under the cost model. When calculating a justified forward P/E for Pinion, the analyst uses a payout ratio p of 0.40, a required return r of 12%, and an expected growth g of 7%.

If fuel prices rise permanently and reduce the sustainable growth rate to 5%, what is the effect on the justified P/E?

  1. The justified P/E will increase because fuel costs are a variable risk.
  2. The justified P/E will remain 8.0x if the payout ratio is constant.
  3. The justified P/E will decrease from 8.0x to 5.7x.

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