hard · FRM Part 1 Foundations of Risk Management

A commercial bank prices expected credit losses (EL) into loan spreads and loss provisions, sizes economic capital to absorb unexpected loss (UL) up to the 99.9th percentile, and separately holds a stress-capital buffer to absorb losses beyond that percentile under a severe but plausible scenario. A newly hired CRO proposes replacing all three layers with a single loss reserve sized only at the expected-loss level, arguing that provisioning already covers "the losses risk management should worry about."

Per the standard risk-taxonomy framework for loss-absorbing capacity, what is the most serious flaw in the CRO's proposal?

  1. It funds expected losses with capital rather than pricing them into spreads and provisions, reversing the loss hierarchy.
  2. It erases the line between unexpected loss, which capital absorbs, and stress loss, which needs a separate buffer beyond that confidence level.
  3. It assumes stress losses always move in lockstep with expected losses, so one EL-sized reserve would scale to cover any outcome.
  4. It wrongly assumes provisions and economic capital must be kept in legally segregated accounts, a separation Basel rules do not actually mandate.

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