hard · FRM Part 1

A risk analyst is checking a VAR model's performance via backtesting. Over the last 250 days, the portfolio experienced 8 exceptions at the 99% confidence level.

If the expected number of exceptions is 2.5, what is the likely conclusion?

  1. The model is perfectly calibrated since 8 is a small number.
  2. No conclusion can be drawn without knowing the size of the losses.
  3. The model is overstating risk, as there were too many exceptions.
  4. The model is understating risk, as the number of exceptions is significantly higher than expected.

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