hard · FRM Part 1

In the context of Option Greeks and dynamic hedging, why does a delta-neutral portfolio consisting of short call options and long shares of the underlying stock typically realize losses during a large, rapid market move in either direction?

  1. The theta of the short position is negative, eroding value over time.
  2. The delta of a short call is always positive, creating a directional bias.
  3. The portfolio has positive gamma, which caps the gains from the long stock position.
  4. The portfolio has negative gamma, causing the delta to move against the hedger as the stock price changes.

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