easy · FRM Part 1

When calculating the risk-neutral probability p in a multi-step binomial tree, how does the value of p change from the first step to the last step if r, u, and d are constant?

  1. It fluctuates based on the path taken to reach the node.
  2. It increases as we get closer to expiration.
  3. It remains constant throughout the tree.
  4. It decreases as the stock price moves higher.

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