medium · FRM Part 2 Market Risk

A risk manager is using the Cornish–Fisher expansion to adjust a 99% VaR. The sample has a standard deviation of 2%, negative skewness of -0.5, and excess kurtosis of 2.0. Compared to a standard Normal VaR calculation (z = -2.326), the Cornish-Fisher adjusted quantile (q_CF) will be:

  1. Unchanged because the Normal distribution is the limit of the expansion.
  2. Equal to the Expected Shortfall (ES) of the Normal distribution.
  3. Further in the tail (more negative), increasing the VaR.
  4. Closer to the mean, decreasing the VaR.

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