easy · Frm Part 2 Market Risk

In the context of the Black–Scholes model, which underlying assumption is directly challenged by the empirical observation of a non-flat volatility smile?

  1. There are no transaction costs or taxes, and the market is perfectly liquid.
  2. The underlying asset does not pay a dividend during the option's life.
  3. The risk-free interest rate is constant and known over the life of the option.
  4. The returns of the underlying asset follow a lognormal distribution with a constant volatility parameter.

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