hard · Frm Part 2 Market Risk

A bank employs 'Cornish-Fisher' expansion to adjust its VaR for non-normal skewness and kurtosis. A validator discovers that for a very deep quantile (99.975%) and high positive skewness, the 'adjusted' VaR is actually lower than the 99% VaR.

What is the likely cause of this result?

  1. The bank should have used 'Age-Weighted' simulation, which would have corrected the 'ghost effects' causing the non-monotonicity.
  2. The model has correctly identified 'Right-Way Risk,' where extreme outcomes lead to a reduction in total exposure.
  3. The Cornish-Fisher expansion can become 'non-monotone' at extreme quantiles or high moments, leading to nonsensical probability mappings.
  4. The 'Central Limit Theorem' has failed to converge due to the presence of 'jump-diffusion' in the underlying risk factors.

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