hard · Frm Part 2 Market Risk

A risk manager is comparing 99% 1-day Historical Simulation (HS) VaR and parametric Normal VaR for a portfolio during a sudden regime shift from low to high volatility.

Which statement best characterizes the behavior of these estimators in the first few days of the new regime?

  1. Equal-weighted HS will significantly understate risk because the 1/n weighting assigned to new volatile observations is insufficient to move the quantile quickly.
  2. Parametric VaR using a long-run historical standard deviation will react faster than Volatility-Weighted HS (Hull-White).
  3. Parametric VaR using an EWMA volatility engine with a high decay factor λ will likely understate the risk more than basic equal-weighted HS.
  4. Bootstrapped HS VaR will provide a narrower confidence interval during the regime shift, making it more reliable than parametric models.

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