medium · FRM Part 2 Market Risk

Why is bootstrapping Expected Shortfall (ES) generally expected to produce more stable results than bootstrapping VaR at the same confidence level?

  1. ES does not require the i.i.d. assumption needed for a valid bootstrap procedure.
  2. ES averages multiple tail points, which diversifies away the noise of a single order statistic
  3. ES is always numerically smaller than VaR, which produces a smaller standard error.
  4. ES is a non-elicitable risk measure, which paradoxically makes it easier to backtest in practice.

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