Passage: The observed rotational velocities of stars in the outer regions of spiral galaxies deviate significantly from the predictions of Newtonian dynamics. According to established gravitational theory, the orbital speed of celestial bodies should decrease as their distance from the galactic center increases, following an inverse-square relationship. However, empirical observations indicate that rotational curves remain remarkably flat, suggesting that the velocity of outer stars is nearly constant regardless of distance. To reconcile this discrepancy, physicists have hypothesized the existence of dark matter-a non-luminous, non-baryonic substance that provides the additional gravitational pull necessary to maintain these high velocities. While dark matter does not interact with the electromagnetic spectrum, its presence is inferred through its gravitational effects on visible matter. Alternative theories, such as Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND), suggest that our understanding of gravity itself may require revision at low-acceleration scales, though these models often struggle to account for the large-scale structure of the cosmic web.