medium · GMAT Verbal

A study found that individuals who consume breakfast daily have lower rates of heart disease than those who skip breakfast. From this, researchers concluded that eating breakfast protects against heart disease.

Which of the following, if true, most weakens the argument that eating breakfast protects against heart disease?

  1. The study deliberately included participants drawn from many different age groups and varied backgrounds.
  2. The study carefully tracked each of its enrolled participants over a full ten-year period.
  3. No conceivable amount of dietary change can ever have any effect on a given person’s risk of heart disease.
  4. Several of the most popular and widely eaten breakfast foods are notably high in added sugar.
  5. People who eat breakfast daily are also more likely to exercise regularly and to abstain from smoking.

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