medium · GMAT Verbal

Which of the following most accurately describes the flaw in this reasoning?

1. It overlooks the possibility that an unmeasured third factor independently produces both 'A' and 'B'.
2. The reasoning uses circular logic by assuming the conclusion is true in order to prove the premises.
3. The reasoning relies on an appeal to authority rather than empirical evidence.
4. The reasoning assumes that what is true for a small group must be true for the entire population.
5. The reasoning is sound because a strong correlation reliably establishes causation.

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