medium · GRE Verbal

Researchers evaluating a digital-checklist intervention observed that surgical omissions declined after checklist adoption. They concluded that the checklist prevented omissions. The observation is suggestive, but a new clinical team started during the same quarter; until that possibility is separated from the intervention, the causal interpretation remains provisional. Which additional study would most strengthen the researchers’ causal interpretation?

  1. Show that participants consider the intervention appealing and easy to understand.
  2. Document that policymakers regard the measured outcome as important.
  3. Compare the intervention with an unrelated program used in a demographically different population.
  4. Compare teams randomly assigned checklist timing under the same staffing mix.
  5. Repeat the same uncontrolled before-and-after comparison with a much larger collection of participant anecdotes gathered under unchanged conditions.

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