medium · GRE Verbal

Researchers evaluating a reminder-message campaign observed that appointment attendance rose after reminders began. They concluded that the messages reduced missed appointments. The observation is suggestive, but the clinic simultaneously shortened waiting times; until that possibility is separated from the intervention, the causal interpretation remains provisional. Which additional study would most strengthen the researchers’ causal interpretation?

  1. Show that participants consider the intervention appealing and easy to understand.
  2. Document that policymakers regard the measured outcome as important.
  3. Compare the intervention with an unrelated program used in a demographically different population.
  4. Randomize reminders among patients facing the same scheduling conditions.
  5. Repeat the same uncontrolled before-and-after comparison with a much larger collection of participant anecdotes gathered under unchanged conditions.

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