hard · MCAT bio-biochem

A researcher performs PCR using a pair of primers flanking a target sequence, then runs the product on native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis alongside a size ladder. Unexpectedly, the amplicon migrates as a smear spanning a broader-than-expected size range, and melting curve analysis reveals two distinct melting temperatures (T_m) for the product population.

Which explanation best accounts for both observations?

  1. The Taq polymerase used lacks 3' to 5' exonuclease proofreading activity, so it introduces random single-nucleotide substitutions during synthesis.
  2. The template contains a heterozygous VNTR between the primer sites, generating two allele-specific amplicon lengths.
  3. The annealing temperature was set too low, causing nonspecific primer binding throughout the genome.
  4. The PCR reaction ran for too many cycles, exhausting the dNTP pool before completion.

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