medium · MCAT bio-biochem
A scientist compares the mechanism of action of Insulin (a peptide hormone) and Testosterone (a steroid hormone).
Which of the following statements correctly describes their behavior at the cellular level?
- Insulin produces long-lasting, slow-onset effects on target cells, whereas Testosterone instead produces much more rapid, short-lived effects overall.
- Both hormones require a dedicated protein carrier to travel freely through the bloodstream, and both ultimately bind to the same cytosolic receptor type.
- Insulin enters the nucleus directly to act as a transcription factor regulating gene expression, while Testosterone instead activates a G-protein-coupled receptor.
- Insulin binds to a cell-surface receptor and triggers a second-messenger cascade; Testosterone binds to an intracellular receptor to alter gene expression.
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