hard · MCAT chem-phys

A 0.10 M solution of the diprotic acid H_2A has pK_a1=2.0 and pK_a2=10.0. A student wants the pH at the first equivalence point (after exactly 1 equivalent of strong base, giving NaHA). They reason that HA^- is amphoteric so pH≈tfrac12(pK_a1+pK_a2)=6.0.

Given the wide separation and the dilution at the equivalence point, which is the best estimate and the key caveat?

  1. pH is near 6.0, but the simple average is an approximation valid only when both Cgg K_a1 and Cgg K_w/K_a2; here the second condition is marginal, so the true pH is slightly below 6.0
  2. pH equals exactly 6.0 because the amphoteric formula tfrac12(pK_a1+pK_a2) is treated as fully independent of concentration for any diprotic acid at any dilution
  3. pH is near 4.0 because at the first equivalence point the solution is assumed to still behave as a simple buffer of H_2A/HA^- centered right on pK_a1 instead
  4. pH is near 8.0 because at the first equivalence point the solution is assumed to be a buffer of HA^-/A^2- centered on pK_a2, ignoring the amphoteric species actually present

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