hard · MCAT psych-soc

According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, a person who sees a bear and simultaneously feels afraid and experiences a racing heart understands these as parallel, independent outputs of a single brain event.

Which finding, if observed, would most directly challenge the Cannon-Bard theory in favor of the James-Lange theory of emotion?

  1. Spinal-injury patients who cannot detect most bodily arousal report identical emotional intensity as intact individuals.
  2. Spinal-injury patients who cannot detect most bodily arousal report substantially blunted emotional intensity.
  3. Two different stimuli producing the same arousal pattern are experienced as the same emotion.
  4. Cognitive appraisal of an ambiguous arousal state determines which emotion is ultimately felt.

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