medium · Principles of Finance time-value-of-money

If an asset's present value is calculated using a growing perpetuity model, and the growth rate (g) is negative, which of the following is true?

  1. The negative growth rate must instead be added to the discount rate within the numerator of the formula.
  2. The growing perpetuity model becomes mathematically invalid whenever growth turns negative.
  3. The present value will always be higher than that of a comparable level perpetuity.
  4. The present value will be lower than that of a level perpetuity with the same initial cash flow.

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