hard · Private Credit & Debt fund-structures-returns-economics

Which of the following describes the 'J-Curve Effect' in a private equity fund?

1. The rapid acceleration of returns as a company reaches the maturity stage of its lifecycle
2. The tendency for GPs to write down asset values during the first year of ownership
3. The increase in leverage multiples as a company improves its credit rating
4. Initial negative returns due to management fees and investment costs before exits are realized

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