The single exponential model that subsumes the whole table: start at A_0 and multiply by b every p units of t. Half-life is b=(1)/(2), doubling is b=2, annual growth is b=1+r with p=1. The period always goes in the DENOMINATOR of the exponent — the distractor M_0(0.88)^3t inverts it, because multiplying is the reflex and dividing is correct.