medium · FRM Part 1 Financial Markets and Products

If the standard deviation of futures price changes (σ_F) is much larger than the standard deviation of spot price changes (σ_S), what is the likely impact on the minimum-variance hedge ratio?

  1. The hedge ratio will be less than the correlation (ρ).
  2. The hedge effectiveness will decrease a bit.
  3. The hedge ratio will end up being greater than one.
  4. The optimal number of futures contracts required will rise.

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