medium · FRM Part 1 Financial Markets and Products

An analyst observes that Crude Oil is in backwardation while Gold is in contango. Both have similar storage costs as a percentage of value.

Which statement best explains this difference through the lens of investment vs. consumption assets?

  1. Oil is treated here as a pure investment asset, meaning its price is driven only by the risk-free rate, and this alone explains its backwardation.
  2. Gold's contango is actually caused by an unusually high convenience yield that tends to spike sharply during any period of acute stress.
  3. The storage costs for Oil are significantly lower than those for Gold as a percentage of value, and this cost gap alone pushes Oil into backwardation.
  4. Gold has a convenience yield near zero because it is an investment asset, whereas Oil has a high convenience yield due to its consumption value.

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